Reducing your sleep
As you recall, during jet lag we travel over several time zones. If we travel 2 time zones to the West, our body temperature rhythm will still be set to 2 hours ahead. In response we feel out of place and it takes a while for our body temperature rhythm to adjust to the new time zone. In the same way, when we try to reduce the amount of time...
Avatar Movie 3D (2009)
James Cameron opened a new chapter on the scenes of our lives and presented us the best movie ever made. Not only its visual effects but by also its story, by reminding us the beautiful values of us that we have been disregarding most of the times. While we are developing the devices of communication faster than before, we are breaking our...
US-Iran Conflict on Nuclear Weapons
The conflict between Iran and US on nuclear researchs of Iran is because of the reason that US has no more power to apply sanctions to Iran on any issue. The beginning of nuclear researches of Iran is about 1950s, and CIA of US was the supporter and instructor of Iran. When we look at today’s picture, it is obvious that US lost its...
How to search and find Msc PhD positions
You are about to finish your undergraduate studies and you want to find a good graduate position which fits your needs, good per annum earning, a hot topic, a nice group at an university which has a good ranking… There are various sources to keep track of info daily. I hereby represent the three major websites that include information...
Natural products
Natural products have been a major source of drugs for centuries. With more than 25% of the pharmaceuticals in use today from natural products. This can be attributed to several factors, including unmet therapeutic needs that drive drug discovery, the remarkable diversity of both chemical structures and biological activities of naturally occuring secondary metabolities and etc.
Prior to the early-mid 20th century, the use of natural products was limited pricipally to crude plant preparations and was based largely on empirical observation.
Read MoreSurface plasmon resonance
At an interface between two transparent media of different refractive index (glass and water), light coming from the side of higher refractive index is partly reflected and partly refracted.
Above a certain critical angle of incidence, no light is refracted across the interface, and total internal reflection is observed. While incident light is totally reflected the electromagnetic field component penetrates a short (tens of nanometers) distance into a medium of a lower refractive index creating an exponentially detenuating evanescent wave. If the interface between the media is coated with a thin layer of metal (gold), and light is monochromatic and p-polarized, the intensity of the reflected light is reduced at a specific incident angle producing a sharp shadow (called surface plasmon resonance) due to the resonance energy transfer between evanescent wave and surface plasmons.
Read MorePlagiarism
Defining “Ethics”
“What is all this, and how does it work?” – the answers to which are sought by science; and “What should we do?” – the answers to which are given by ethics. Ethics is a bridge between science and the deliberate mind. With the word deliberate mind I mean, the mind which seeks answers, try to understand the good/evil, true/false, right/wrong, has sense of morality which seems to be an innate and defining characteristic of human beings. We have to exclude nihilists, anarchists or psychopaths who may not seek an answer at all.
According to Bernard Williams, theory of ethics can be defined as “a philosophical structure, which together with some degree of empirical fact, will yield a decision procedure for moral reasoning” or in a more simple way, we can say that, ethics seeks to answer the question “What should I do, all things considered?”[1]
Read MoreStructure Visualization
It’s generally understood by the molecular biology research community that the sequencing of the human genome, which will likely take several more years to complete, is relatively trivial compared to definitively characterizing the interactions within the proteome.
Non-Static Structure Visualization
Unlike a nucleotide sequence, which is a relatively static structure, proteins are dynamic entities that change their shape and association with other molecules as a function of temperature, chemical interactions, pH, and other changes in the environment.
Read MoreCancer Chemotherapy
Cancer is a disease characterized by a shift in the control mechanisms that govern cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation. Cells that have undergone neoplastic transformation usually express cell surface antigens that may be of normal fetal type, may display other signs of apparent immaturity, and may exhibit qualitative or quantitative chromosomal abnormalities, including various translocations and the appearance of amplified gene sequences. Such cells proliferate excessively and form local tumors that can compress or invade adjacent normal structures. A small subpopulation of cells within the tumor can be described as tumor stem cells. They retain the ability to undergo repeated cycles of proliferation as well as to migrate to distant sites in the body to colonize various organs in the process called metastasis. Such tumor stem cells thus can express clonogenic or colony-forming capability. Tumor stem cells are characterized by chromosome abnormalities reflecting their genetic instability, which leads to progressive selection of subclones that can survive more readily in the multicellular environment of the host. Quantitative abnormalities in various metabolic pathways and cellular components accompany this neoplastic progression. The invasive and metastatic processes as well as a series of metabolic abnormalities resulting from the cancer cause illness and eventual death of the patient unless the neoplasm can be eradicated with treatment.
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